Harvard style of Referencing

UOW HARVARD REFERENCING STYLE
Why Reference?
Referencing is the process of linking what you read with what you write.
It is important to reference all your sources:
* To enable you or someone else to find the source of your information easily
* To avoid plagiarism by acknowledging that you’ve used the ideas and work of others
* To strengthen your arguments and add credibility by referring to expert ideas
There are several styles of referencing. The Harvard format is utilised by many universities and schools.
About the Harvard style of Referencing
The Harvard referencing style is also known as the author date system because of the requirement to cite both the author and publication date within in your paper.
The prominence of the author and date of publication in a reference list provides a clear indication of the credibility and currency of the resources used in your research.
There is no definitive version of Harvard available. The UOW style of referencing is based on the AGPS Harvard version:
Style manual for authors, editors and printers
2002, 6th edn, John Wiley, Milton, Qld.
The UOW Harvard Referencing Style has two main components:
In-text references/citations
When you refer to another author’s work in your writing you must cite your source in the body of your paper by providing the last name(s) of the author(s), the year of
publication and, where applicable, page number(s).
The reference list
A list at the end of your assignment which includes full details of each source you have cited in your writing. Sources are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
In-text Referencing
There are two main ways to present in-text references, or citations:
1. Information prominent
Where the focus is on the information from your source.
You give prominence to the information by placing the reference at the end of your sentence in brackets.
For example,
“the Nuer of southern Sudan lacked any…” (Metcalf 2005, p. 184)
“The experience of …” (Savage, Bagnall & Longhurst 2005, p. 28)
2. Author prominent
Where the focus is on the author(s) of your source.
You give prominence to the author by placing the reference in the body of your sentence, with the author’s name incorporated into the sentence structure and the date in
brackets
For example,
Metcalf (2005, p. 184) claims that “the Nuer of southern Sudan lacked any institutions of governance; no chiefs or councils of elders, no armies or law enforcement”
Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005, p. 28) argue that “…”
Multiple authors as sources for a single point
Usually used in the information prominent format.
You can indicate more than one source as evidence for a point by citing multiple sources. These should be listed in alphabetical order, separated by a semi-colon inside
parentheses.
For example,
Transition to university involves a temporal-relational situational context (Biesta & Tedder 2007; Embirbayer & Mische 1998).
* NOTES
Page Numbers
Always include page numbers when you:
* Quote word for word
* Summarise or paraphrase an idea from a specific page or pages
* Refer to tables, figures, images or present specific information like dates/statistics.
**
Quotation Marks
* The Harvard (AGPS) and Footnoting (Oxford) manual recommends using SINGLE quotation marks around any direct quote.
* If you use Turnitin, be sure to enclose all direct quotes in DOUBLE quotation marks because Turnitin recognises only the text enclosed in double quotation marks as a
direct quote.
* In this guide, all Author-Date (Harvard) AND Footnoting direct quote examples are presented within double quotation marks.
* In this Referencing and Citing Guide, all Author-Date/Harvard and Footnoting direct quote examples are presented within double quotation marks.
The Harvard (AGPS) and Footnoting (Oxford) manual recommends using SINGLE quotation marks around any direct quote.
If you use Turnitin, be sure to enclose all direct quotes in DOUBLE quotation marks because Turnitin recognises only the text enclosed in double quotation marks as a direct
quote.
In this Referencing and Citing Guide, all Author-Date/Harvard and Footnoting direct quote examples are presented within double quotation marks.
Reference List
A reference list appears in alphabetical order at the end of your work.
Many people confuse the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’.
A reference list includes ONLY the sources that you have CITED/REFERENCED in the body of your work.
A bibliography includes the sources you cited plus any additional resources you may have consulted in your research.
Reference List
This is an example of a reference list:
Blair, DJ 1996, ‘Beyond the metaphor: football and war, 1914-1918’, Journal of the Australian War Memorial, no. 28, viewed 15/5/2007,
<http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j28/j28-blai.htm>
Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2006, Helpful Links to Veteran Related Sites, viewed 110 August 2006, <http://www.dva.gov.au/contacts/site.htm>
Dolnicar, S, Crouch, GI & Long, P 2008, ‘Environment-friendly tourists: what do we really know about them?’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol.16, no. 2, pp.
197-210.
Dolnicar, S & Hurliman, A 2010, ‘Australians’ water conservation behaviours and attitudes’, Australian Journal of Water Resources, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 43-53.
A history of reclamation in the west 2000, History Program, Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Malinowski, W, Larsen, AA, Ngu, B & Fairweather, S 1999, Human geography, Routledge, New York.
Preston, AC 1990a, Multivariate analysis of nurses’ absence behaviour, Business Research and Development Fund of the Confederation of Western Australian
Industry, EastPerth, WA.
Preston, AC 1990b, Theories and causes of labour absence: reconciling the economic and psychology approaches, Business Research and Development Fund of the
Confederation of Western Australian Industry, East Perth, WA.
Rose, DB 2002, ‘Good hunters’, in Country of the heart: an Indigenous Australian homeland, Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and
TorresStrait Islander Studies, Canberra, pp. 77- 113.
NOTES
1. Always check with your academic to determine what is required for your particular assignment.
2. If there are multiple works by the same author in your reference list, put the earliest datefirst.
3. Make sure the author details and year in the in-text citation exactly match the entry in the reference list.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
BOOKS
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Single author – Paraphrasing
Metcalf (2005, p. 184) propounded the idea that… Metcalf, P 2005, Anthropology: the basics, Routledge, Abingdon.
Single author – when fewer than 30 words are quoted
Include the quote within the paragraph
and include specific page number/s.
Use quotation marks to show the exact
words.
Metcalf (2005, p. 184) argues that “the Nuer of southern
Sudan lacked any institutions of governance; no chiefs or
councils of elders, no armies or law enforcement”
Metcalf, P 2005, Anthropology: the basics, Routledge, Abingdon.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Single author – when 30 or more words are quoted
Begin quoting the material on a new line.
Indent it 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to
keep all lines of the quote evenly
indented).
Include specific page number/s.
Also, always include the page number(s)
when drawing primarily on a particular
page or section rather than referring to the
source as a whole.
In-text use p. for a single page (Metcalf
2005, p. 45) and pp. for a page range e.g.
(Metcalf 2005, pp. 34-36).
Omit quotation marks.
Use double spacing for your text and
single spacing for the intended quote.
Make sure the quote is exactly as it was
published.
Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006, p.
184), for example, points out that:
There are many changes in acute care services occurring
almost daily, and due to the increasing use of outpatient
surgery, surgical services have experienced major
changes. Hospitals are increasing the size of their
outpatient or ambulatory surgery departments andadjusting
to the need of moving patients into and out of the surgical
service in 1 day or even a few hours.
Recently, this trend has been seen in some Australian
hospitals and research here…
Finkelman, AW 2006, Leadership and management in nursing,
Pearson Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Multiple authors – Two or three
Cite the names of the authors in the order
they appear on the title page of the book.
Unlike the reference list which requires
author/s initials, in-text references use
author/s surnames only and do not include
initials.
When referring to multiple authors in a
sentence use ‘and’ instead of ‘&’.
When citing the names of multiple authors
in brackets use ‘&’ before the last author.
Direct quote
“The experience of …” (Savage, Bagnall & Longhurst 2005, p.
28)
or
Savage, Bagnall and Longhurst (2005, p. 28) argue that “…”
Paraphrasing
The migrant experience is one that… (Savage, Bagnall &
Longhurst 2005, p.28)
Savage, M, Bagnall, G & Longhurst, B 2005, Globalization and
belonging, SAGE, London.
Multiple authors – More than three authors
For in-text citations, list the name of the
first author followed by et al. (meaning
‘and others’).
Do not use et al. in the reference list. List
all the authors.
Direct quote
Kring et al. (2010, p. 72) outline the theory as “…”
or
“The theory…” (Kring et al. 2010, p. 72)
Paraphrasing
Abnormal is not always…(Kring et al. 2010, pp. 47-48)
Kring, A, Davison, GC, Neale, JM & Johnson, S 2010, Abnormal
psychology, 11th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Multiple works by the same author
Same author different years
Arrange the in-text citation in chronological
order starting with the earliest date first.
Use a semicolon to separate the page
reference from the date following it.
In the reference list begin with the earliest
date first.
The name of the author can be repeated but
it is preferable to use the em dash — with no
space before the date.
Same author same year
Distinguish between the titles in-text by
adding a lower case letter of the alphabet
starting with ‘a’.
In the reference list place the lower case letter
after the date with no space.
Dyer (2009; 2013) reported that leadership
and communication…
or
Leadership and communication are…. (Dyer 2009, p.
223; 2013, p. 149)
“In the last 10 years Australia has experienced…”
(Manne 2005a, p. 1)
Manne (2005b, p. 14) argued that the corporate media
power…
Dyer, J 2009, The business communication handbook, 8th edn,
Pearson, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
—2013, Communication for business and the professions:
strategies and skills, 5th edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest,
NSW.
Manne, R (ed.) 2005a, Do not disturb: is the media failing
Australia?, Black Inc., Melbourne.
— 2005b, Left right left: political essays 1977-2005, Black Inc.,
Melbourne.

Format No author or editor

In-Text Reference

Reference List

List the item alphabetically in the reference
list by the title then date.
Do not use Anon or Anonymous.
Italicise the title in the In-text citation as
well as in the Reference List
Cite the work by its title and date.
Direct quote
“Ant behaviour patterns …” (The life of insects 1979, p. 23)
Paraphrasing
In The life of insects (1979, p. 23) it is claimed that…
The life of insects 1979, Silver Burdett Co., Morristown, NJ.
Redmond, Washington, Washington.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
No date of publication
If there is no date use
n.d.
If there is an approximate date use c. (this
means ‘circa’ – Latin for ‘around/about’).
This is emphasised by Seah (n.d.)
when…
This is emphasised by Seah (c.
2005) when…
Seah, R n.d., Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press,
Redmond, Washington.
Seah, R 2005, Micro-computer applications, Microsoft Press,
Second or later edition
Any edition other than the first edition
must be included in the reference list
citation.
The edition statement is added after the
title, followed by a comma.
A reprint is not a new edition. It does not
need a specific mention.
Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for
edition.
Direct quote
“Student centred learning…” (Killen 2009, p. 10)
Paraphrasing
Effective teaching is based on several… (Killen 2009, p. 10)
Killen, R 2009, Effective teaching strategies: lessons from
research and practice, 5th edn, Cengage
Learning, South Melbourne.
Secondary sources
This is where the work of one author is
cited in another author’s work
For the in-text citation you might write:
As the cultural critic Norman Klein stated in 1997, “the
Romantics gloried in the ruins of memory” (cited in Cameron
2008, p. 5)
In the Reference List you only need to record the book that you
actually sourced:
Cameron, A 2008, Modular Narratives in Contemporary Cinema,
Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, New York.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Book review Direct quote
Nadel points to Stoppard’s constant scepticism about
autobiography and biography (Carroll 2002, p. 8).
Paraphrasing
Carroll (2002, p. 8) shows that…
Carroll, S 2002, ‘The stuff of theatre’, review of Double act: a life
of Tom Stoppard by Ira Nadel, Age, 28 September,
Saturday Extra, p. 8.
Chapter in an edited book
Refer to the author of the chapter in-text.
In the Reference List set out the editor’s
name with initials first then family name.
Put the title of the chapter in ‘single
quotes’. Do not italicise.
Put (ed.), for a single editor or (eds), for
multiple editors followed by a comma.
The pages of the chapter are added after
the publication details.
Direct quote
Gray (2009, p. 75) concludes the following “…”
Paraphrasing
Another demonstration of this is… (Gray 2009, p. 75)
Gray, E 2009, ‘The hair of Milton: historicism and literary history’,
in DW Davies (ed.), Romanticism, history, historicism:
essays on an orthodoxy, Routledge, New York, pp. 32-42.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
e-Book
In-text referencing and reference list entry
is the same for eBooks as print.
Direct quote
“students taught by teachers with greater verbal ability learn
more than those taught by teachers with lower verbal ability”
(Stronge 2007, p. 4)
Paraphrasing
Stronge (2007, p. 4) notes the correlation between…
Stronge, JH 2007, Qualities of effective teachers, Association for
Supervision and Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA.
Edited Book
Use the abbreviation ed. for a single editor
and eds (no full stop) for more than one
editor.
Use the abbreviation edn (no full stop) for
edition.
Write ed., eds and edn in lower case not
capitals.
Direct quote
“Human security…” (eds McGrew & Poku 2007, p. 8).
“Hinduism is not defined…” (ed. Flood 2003, p. 5)
Paraphrasing
According to McGrew and Poku (eds 2007, p. 8)…
Flood (ed. 2003, p. 5) comments that Hinduism is…
McGrew, A & Poku, NK (eds) 2007, Globalization, development
and human security, Polity, Cambridge, UK.
Flood, G (ed.) 2003, The Blackwell companion to Hinduism,
Blackwell, Oxford.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Encyclopedia or dictionary (print)
Encyclopedia entry with author
Use the word ‘in’ before th
publication
Direct quote
e title of the
Smith, MJ 1993, ‘Anarchy’, in The Oxford Companion to
the Politics of the World, J Krieger (ed.), Oxford
University Press, New York.
“Anarchy refers to the absence of authoritative institutions or
norms above independent sovereign states.” (Smith 1993)
Politics of the World, J Krieger (ed.), Oxford University
Press, New York
Paraphrasing
Smith (1993) observes that anarchy places states in
a permanent position of rivalry with each other.
Encyclopedia entry with no author
If no author is evident and a well known…
The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines a larrikin
as……..
source is being cited you can put all (The New Encyclopedia Britannica 1997)
the necessary information in-text.
You do not need to put this reference
in the reference list.
Use italics when including the title of the
dctionary/
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Encyclopedia or dictionary (online database)
If the online encyclopedia is from a library

reference database e.g. Gale Virtual Reference or Oxford Reference Online,

cite it the same as the print. Do notinclude
the date viewed, the database name or
the URL.
Direct quote
“Descent systems determine…” (Velioti-Georgopoulos 2006). Velioti-Georgopoulos, M 2006 ‘Kinship and Descent’, in
Paraphrasing Encyclopedia of Anthropology, HJ Birx (ed.), vol. 3,
Velioti-Georgopoulos (2006) emphasises that kinship and Sage Reference, Thousand Oaks, CA.
descent should be treated as different concepts.
Encyclopedia or dictionary (website)
If you have used a dictionary or
encyclopedia from a website include the
viewed date and URL
Translated work
When the role of a translator, compiler,
or reviser, is acknowledged, the initials
precede the surname.
This format also applies to
compilers, editors and revisers.
Use the abbreviations rev., trans.,
ed./eds or comp./comps appropriate
Direct quote
The heel of Achilles is “[t]he vulnerable or weak point in a
man’s character or of a nation.” (Dictionary of phrase and fable
2000)
Paraphrasing
The Dictionary of phrase and fable (2000) defines Achilles’ heel
as..
Direct quote
Cite the author, not the translator of the book in the in-text
citation
“Morality…” (Nietzsche 1956, p. 27)
Paraphrasing
Nietzsche (1956, p. 27) argues that…
‘Achilles tendon’ 2000, in Dictionary of phrase and fable,
Brewer (ed.), Bartelby.com, viewed 30 November 2010,
<http://www.bartleby.com/81/139.html>.
Give acknowledgement to the translator after the title:
Nietzsche, FW 1956, The birth of tragedy: and, The genealogy
of morals, trans. F Golffing, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
COMPANY INFORMATION
Company reports Direct quote
” We recognise that, in the short term, progress means
building trust with all stakeholders” (AGL 2019, p. 2)
Paraphrasing
AGL (2019, p. 2) argues that the trust of stakeholders is
central to their progress.
AGL 2019, AGL 2019 annual report, viewed 23 August 2019,
<https://www.agl.com.au/-/media/aglmedia/documents/aboutagl/investors/annual-reports/agl_annual_report_090819.pdf?
la=en& hash=2890C67A39531E9197467BBC1F87B463>.
Company profiles
If the information source updates
regularly, provide both the date viewed
and the source of the document.
Financial data
Industry reports
Direct quote
“Wesfarmers Limited (Wesfarmers) is a diversified company
that has business operations in retail and industrial activities”
(GlobalData 2018, p. 2)
Paraphrasing
GlobalData (2018) point out that Wesfarmer operates in
different industry areas.
Direct quote
Caltex operating revenue is $ 21,542,137,000 as at 23rd
August 2019 (Morningstar Inc. 2019).
Paraphrasing
Morningstar Inc. (2019) financial data indicates Caltex has the
highest operating revenue for Energy industry companies at
23rd August.
Direct quote
“Regulation prevents firms from both retailing and distributing
gas” (Aravanis 2019).
Paraphrasing
Aravanis (2019) points out the market restrictions that
regulation causes in the energy industry.
GlobalData 2018, Wesfarmers ltd (WES) – financial and strategic
SWOT analysis review, viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved
from ProQuest Central.
Morningstar Inc. 2019, Annual profit and loss – operating revenue
>50000, viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved from
Morningstar Data AnalysisPremium.
Aravanis, J 2019, IBISWorld industry report D2700 gas supply
in Australia, viewed 23 August 2019, retrieved from
IBISWorld database.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
JOURNAL, NEWSPAPER & NEWSLETTER ARTICLES
Journal articles
Capitalise all main words in the Journal
Title (not ‘and’ ‘of’ ‘in’ etc.).
The title of the article is in quotes.
The title of the journal is in italics.
Author, initial(s) Year of publication, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, vol.
(volume number), no. (issue number if any), p./pp. (page
number/range).
Journal article with one author
Direct quote
Lee (2007, p. 157) draws on data collected from “…”
Paraphrasing
The ongoing need for remittances…(Lee 2007, p.160)
Lee, H 2007, ‘Transforming transnationalism: second generation
Tongans overseas’, Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, vol.
16, no. 2, pp. 157-178.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Journal article with two or three a
Cite the names of the authors in the order
they appear on the title page of the article.
When the authors names are incorporated
into your text, use ‘and’ instead of ‘&’.
If the names of the authors are in brackets
use ‘&’ before the last author.
uthors
Direct quote
Carlin and Ford (2006, p. 79) claim that, “paying executives in
the form of options…”.
or
“A further noteworthy influence…” (Carlin & Ford 2006, p. 79).
Paraphrasing
The group of 100 joined the ASX and other associations…
(Carlin & Ford 2006, p. 79).
Carlin, TY & Ford, G 2006, ‘A governance perspective on
executive options plans – some Australian empirical
evidence’, Australian Accounting Review, vol. 16, no. 1,
pp. 75-84.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Journal article with more than three authors
In-Text
List the name of the first author followed
by et al. (meaning ‘and others’)
Reference list
List all authors. Do not use ‘et al.’
Enter the authors in the order they appear
on the title page of the article.
Direct quote
Wattal et al. conclude that, “[p]olitics in the United States has
come a long way…” (2010, p. 670).
or
“We believe information systems can provide insight into…”
(Wattal et al. 2010, p. 670).
Paraphrasing
Wattal, S, Schuff, D, Mandviwalla, M & Williams, CB 2010, ‘Web
2.0 and politics: the 2008 U.S. presidential election and an
e-politics research agenda’, MIS Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 4, pp.
669- 688.
Journal article with no volume or issue number
An interesting approach to scam (Wychick & Thompson 2005)
suggests that…
Wychick, J & Thompson, L 2005, ‘Fallen for a scam lately?’
Australia Today, 24 November, pp. 54-60.
Format In Text Reference Reference List
Journal article with no author
Use the ‘title of the article’ in place of the
author in-text
Put the ‘title of the article’ in single quotes
List the article alphabetically by its title in
the reference list.
Direct quote
“During his campaign Obama…”(‘Restructuring USAID: time to
match rhetoric with deeds’ 2010, p. 45)
Paraphrasing
In the article ‘Restructuring USAID: time to match rhetoric with
deeds’ (2010, p. 45) the author laments…
‘Restructuring USAID: time to match rhetoric with deeds’ 2010,
The Lancet, vol. 376, no. 9747, p. 1118.
Journal article retrieved from the Internet
Follow this example if the journal article is
only available via the internet.
Enclose the URL in the ‘greater than’ ‘less
than’ symbols < >.
Put what journal details are available after
the title. Volume and issue nos. may not
always available.
If there is no author use the ‘title of the
article’ in place of the author in-text.
Direct quote
Findings suggest that “[i]ntercultural communication skills… in
ELT” (Xiao & Petraki 2007)
Paraphrasing
Xiao and Petraki (2007) establish in their study that…
Xiao, H & Petraki E 2007, ‘An Investigation of Chinese students’
difficulties in intercultural communication and its role in
ELT’, Journal of Intercultural Communication, no. 13,
viewed 27 November 2010,
<http://www.immi.se/jicc/index.php/jicc/article/view/90/59>
Secondary sources
Where the work of one author is citedin
another author’s work
For in-text citations:
Fong’s 1987 study (cited in Betram 1996, p. 9) found
that memory …
In the Reference List record only the journal you
actually sourced
i.e. Bertram reference.
Journal articles retrieved from a database
If an article is accessed using a library
database e.g. Proquest or Expanded
Academic, cite it the same as the print
article.
Do not include the date viewed, database
name or URL.
Direct quote
Carlin and Ford (2006, p. 79) observe that, “paying executives
in the form of options…”.
Or
“A further noteworthy influence…” (Carlin & Ford, 2006, p. 79).
Paraphrasing
Carlin, TY & Ford, G 2006, ‘A governance perspective on
executive options plans – some Australian empirical
evidence’, Australian Accounting Review, vol. 16, no. 1,
pp. 75-84.
The group of 100 joined the ASX and other associations…
(Carlin & Ford, 2006, p. 79).
Journal articles retrieved from a database (no author)
See entry for Journal article with no author
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Newspaper articles
Newspaper title is in italics.
Leave out ‘The’ in the title. Use Australian
or Sydney Morning Herald.
Newspaper article – with author/s
Newspaper headline is the article title in
single quotes.
Include the date of issue (day month) of
the newspaper after the title.
Include the page number of the article in
the Reference list. Do not include page
numbers in the in-text reference.
Direct quote
“In a break with tradition, the Prime Minister’s office supplied
video footage of the visit taken…” (Crowe 2015).
Paraphrasing
Crowe (2015) compares inclusion of media teams to Tony
Abbott’s visit to Baghdad with previous prime ministerial visits
to Iraq and Afghanistan.
Crowe, D 2015, ‘ Anger as media left grounded’, Australian, 06
January, p. 4.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Newspaper article – with no author
If the author is not evident provide all the
details in the in-text citation including the
page nos.
Direct quote
“A British Ministry of Defence spokesman confirmed…”
(Australian 12 November 2010, p. 14).
Paraphrasing
The report in the Australian (12 November 2010, p. 14)
remarked that Breaker Morant…
Not required as all details are provided in-text
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Newspaper article retrieved from a database
Reference a newspaper article from a
database e.g. Factiva or ProQuest in
exactly the same way as you would a
newspaper article in print.
There is no need to acknowledge which
database the article came from.
See either the examples for Newspaper article with author or
without author.
Online newspaper or newsletter article
Add the URL and date viewed for articles
found on a Newspaper webpage.
Direct quote
“China, for instance, is targeting…over 15 years” (Gittens
2010).
Paraphrasing
Gittens (2010) accuses Australia of being behind other
countries efforts to reduce carbon.
Gittins, R 2010, ‘Suits us to be deluded on climate,’ The Age, 17
November, viewed 6 December,
<http://www.theage.com.au/environment/climate-change/suitsus- to-be-deluded-on-climate-20101117-17wyp.html>.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
ABS Statistics
Abbreviate publisher to ABS.
Author will always be Australian Bureau of
Statistics.
Place of publication for printed statistics is
always Canberra.
Year of publication is the year it is
released not the date in the title.
Include the Catalogue number preceded
by cat. no. (the number is part of the title
on ABS publications).
Direct quote
“The number of divorces has been decreasing each year after
reaching a peak in 2001” (ABS 2008).
Paraphrasing
According the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) the
median length of a marriage to separation is approximately 9
years.
Print
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat.
no. 3307.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra.
Online
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat.
no. 3307.0.55.001, viewed 17 January 2011,
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/
Lookup/3307.0.55. 001Main+Features12007?
OpenDocument>.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Government Department as
Author/s
It is common when referencing
government publications to have the same
group author and publisher.
In the reference list put in entries for both
the full group author name and the
abbreviated name.
If a committee has prepared the report for
a government department or agency use
the committee name as the author, and
the government department as the
publisher.
“According to the International Atomic Energy Agency…
unauthorised movements of nuclear material” (Department of
Foreign Affairs and Trade 2005, p. 12).
Long group author names
If the group author name is long and cited frequently
abbreviate the name in the in-text citation e.g.
“International community has had success….renounce nuclear
weapons” (DFAT 2010, p. 14).
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2005, Weapons of
destruction Australia’s role in fighting proliferation : practical
responses to new challenges, Department of Foreign Affairs
and Trade, Canberra.
DFAT – see Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Government Report (print or online)
Often the author and the publisher are the
same in Government publications.
Abbreviate long group names if being
referred to often.
Put both the abbreviated and full form of
the group author in the reference list.
PDF documents look like the printed
document and should contain all the
publication details.
Often online reports are the same as print,
just add the date accessed and the URL
after the publication details.
Direct quote
“Between 1887 and 1954 private welfare agencies and
individuals were authorised to apprehend children” (Human
Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, p. 55).
“Eight events remain significantly associated with an increased
likelihood of a mother experiencing high distress they are…”
(Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and
Indigenous Affairs 2009, p. 36).
Paraphrasing
In the Bringing them home report it highlights the strategy of
permanently retaining children who were placed temporarily in
respite accommodation (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity
Commission, 1997, p. 55).
Stress is a key factor contributing to poorer outcomes for
mother and infant (FaHCSIA 2009, p. 36)
Print
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, Bringing
them home: report of the national inquiry into the separation of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their
families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission,
Sydney.
Online
Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and
Indigenous Affairs 2009, Growing Up in Australia: the
Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: 2008–09 Annual
Report, FaHCSIA, Canberra, viewed 12 December 2010,
<http://fahcsia.gov.au/sa/families/pubs/lsac_report_2009/
Docume nts/LSAC_AR_08-09.pdf>.
FaHCSIA see Department of Families, Housing, Community
Services and Indigenous Affairs.
Format In-Text Reference
Reference List
Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) print or online Print
Victoria, Legislative Assembly 2000, Debates, vol. 447, pp.
2144-
2149.
Online
Australia, House of Representatives 2006, Debates, viewed
12 December 2010,
<http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamb
er/ hansardr/2006-10-
31/0034/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType%
3Dapplication%2Fpdf>.
Victoria, Parliament 2010, 2009 Victorian Bushfires
Royal Commission, (B. Teague, Chairperson) Parl.
Paper 332, vol. 2, The Commission, Melbourne.
Parliamentary debates are referenced
using the Jurisdiction (eg. Australia or
New South Wales) followed by the
Chamber (eg. House of Representatives
or Senate for Commonwealth, and
Legislative Assembly or Legislative
Council for NSW)
The title Debates is always in italics.
The volume number may not be available
in the online versions.
Direct quote
The then Minister for Health, John Thwaites (Victoria, Legislative
Assembly 2000, p. 2145) reveals that “The National and Victorian
Drug Household Survey indicate…”
The Prime Minister, Mr Howard predicted that “in the foreseeable
future nuclear power…fossil fuel” (Australia, House of
Representatives 2006, p. 41).
Paraphrasing
Thwaites outlined the Government’s plan for safe injecting facilities in
the Second Reading Speech… (Victoria, Legislative Assembly 2000
pp. 2144-2149).
The Prime Minister Mr Howard (Australia, House of Representatives
2006, p.40) outlined his defence for the government’s failure to sign…
Parliamentary Paper
A reference to a Commonwealth
Parliamentary paper would begin
Australia, Parliament…
If a Commissioner or Chairperson is
mentioned their name goes after the title
in round brackets
Direct quote
In the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission it was
acknowledged that “underground cable essentially eliminates
bushfire risk associated with the provision of electricity” (Victoria,
Parliament 2010, p.154).
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
LEGAL PUBLICATIONS
Legal Cases
The following details are required for intext and reference citations:
* the name of the case
* the year or volume number, or both
* the page on which the report of thecase
begins
The name of the case is italicised.
The year is enclosed in parentheses.
Square brackets are used when there is
no volume number and the year is an
integral part of the title, i.e. square
brackets indicate that the year of
publication is the volume number.
If you are referring to a particular page of
the judgment, include a ‘pinpoint
reference’ to the actual page in the in-text
citation. Use the word ‘at’ instead of p.
Do not include URLs for cases found
online.
Direct quote
The judge in R v Ramage (2004) VSC 508 stated the “The
Court cannot allow…”
Paraphrasing
In the case of Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1, it
was…
The case, Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246 showed
that…
In Northern Sandblasting Pty Ltd v. Harris (1997) 188 CLR 313
at 334 the High Court held that the landlord was in breach of a
contractual duty of care owed to the tenants and to their family.
R v. Ramage (2004) VSC 508
Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55
Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1.
Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246.
Northern Sandblasting Pty Ltd v. Harris (1997) 188 CLR 313.
Legislation
Legislation should be referenced as if in
print even if viewed electronically
Acts
Most legislation has a short formal title
that can be used for citation purposes.
The first in-text reference to an Act or
Ordinance should cite the short formal
title, in italics, exactly and in full.
In subsequent references the title can be
shown in roman type without the date.
Do not place a comma between the title
and the year.
If the name of the legislation begins with
an article (eg. a, an, the) do not omit the
article in the citation.
Bills
Bills before parliament are ‘unpublished’
and should be cited in roman type not
italics.
First in-text reference:
In relation to action regarding unsuitable goods, s. 74B of the
Trade Practices Act 1974 states…
Subsequent in-text reference/s:
According to the Trade Practices Act…
Example of an act beginning with an article:
The Commonwealth’s A New Tax System (Wine Equalisation
Tax) Act 1999 makes provision for…
In the Companion Animals Amendment Bill 2006 (NSW) there
is provision for….
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cwlth).
Companion Animals Amendment Bill 2006 (NSW).
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Patents
For patents the title may be more of a
descriptive title rather than a formal title
Identifying elements such as patent
numbers should be included
If no individual author is available, a
corporate author can be used in the in-text
reference.
Standards
For standards not retrieved from an
electronic database, replace online
database information with publisher
information.
Paraphrase
The particle trap design is… (Cookson 1985)
Direct quote
The rule from Standards Australia (2009, p. 23) is: “[a]n
adhesive label…”
Paraphrase
…stated that glass in buildings must be… (Standards Australia
Online 2006)
Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated
transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.
Mccallum, JM 2008, Method for and composition of excipient
suitable for use in herbal formulations and formulations
derived therefrom, Australian Patent AU 2008100919, viewed
8 December 2008, SciFinder Scholar.
Standards Australia 2009, LP Gas fuel vessels for automotive
use, AS/NZS 3509:2009, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia Online 2006, Glass in buildings: selection and
installations, AS 1288-2006, amended 31 January 2008,
viewed 19 May 2009, SAI Global Database
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
MUSIC
Music Score
Direct quote
If you reproduce musical notation in your work you must provide
a caption and citation.
Paraphrasing
Sculthorpe’s (Faber 1982) Mountains was composed for the
Sydney International Piano Competition.
Sculthorpe, P 1982, Mountains, Faber, London.
Music Score Transcription
Ellington, D 2005, Purple Gazelle, Jazz at Lincoln Center
Library, Alfred Publishing, California.
•include the name of the series
Direct quote
If you reproduce musical notation in your work you must provide
a caption and citation.
Paraphrasing
Berger’s transcriptions contribute to the increasing jazz literacy
of high school jazz bands (Ellington 2005).
Edited Music Score or
Critical Edition
Direct quote
If you reproduce musical notation in your work you must
provide a caption and citation.
Paraphrasing
van Beethoven’s (Pauer ed., n.d.) concerto No 5 begins
dramatically.
Pauer, M (ed.) n.d., L van Beethoven: Concerto for piano
and orchestra No.5, op.72, Edition Peters, London.
•n.d. for ‘no date’ for this particular edition
•retain punctuation of author names in source
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
ONLINE SOURCES
Blogs
If no proper name is given, the author’s
username may be used instead.
If the author puts multiple posts up on the
same day, include the time the entry was
posted.- e.g. 12 November 13:53.
If you are referencing a comment from a
weblog, use the name of the commenter
instead of the author of the weblog post
and use ‘weblog comment’ instead of ‘web
log post’ for format. Include the exact title
(Including ‘Re:’ if used).
If you are using the whole blog and not an
individual post, do not include the Blog
Post Title and change the format to
weblog.
Direct quote
“The whole idea of a conspiracy is that it takes two or more
people conspiring” (Henderson 2010).
…as Henderson questions, “[t]he whole idea of a conspiracy…”
(2010).
Paraphrasing
Henderson’s weblog post (2010) covers how the meaning of
the word conspiracy has changed to mean self-dealing.
Henderson, D 2010, ‘Has the word ‘conspiracy’ lost its meaning?’,
Library of Economics and Liberty, weblog post, 13 December,
viewed 21 December 2010,
<http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2010/12/as_the_word_co.ht
ml>
Website or document from a
website Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010, Issues
Paper Youth Employment, Australian Chamber of Commerce
and Industry, viewed 15 December 2010,
<http://www.acci.asn.au/text_files/issues_papers/2010/Youth%
20 Employment%20Paper%20May%202010_final.pdf>.
If there is no author begin the reference
with the title of the document.
Include page numbers in-text if it is a long
document.
Use n.d. if there is no date.
Direct quote
“Following the intensification of the GFC…weaken markedly”
(Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry 2010, p. 5).
Paraphrasing
The Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2010)
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Podcast / Vodcast
If the podcast has no recognisable author,
start with the title and put the year after
the title. Use the title in the in-text
referencing.
Direct quote
….”while the octopus was carrying the coconut, it was actually
of no benefit to it”, Julian Finn explains on the La Trobe
University Podcast (2010).
Paraphrasing
This podcast show is about who owns the fish and the ocean
(The War on Fish 2010).
Finn, J & Norman, M 2010, Have coconut, will travel, vodcast, 23
April, La Trobe University, viewed 10 January 2011,
<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/videos/octopus-coconut>.
The war on fish 2010, podcast, 9 July, La Trobe University, viewed
10 January 2011,
<http://www.latrobe.edu.au/marketing/assets/podcasts/2010/1007
09-denise-russell.mp3>.
BP Public Relations 2010, ‘Catastrophe is a strong…’,
BPGlobalPR, Twitter, 24 May, viewed 10 January 2011,
<http://twitter.com/BPGlobalPR/status/14583761878>.
Office of the Prime Minister 2011, ‘Prime Minister Gillard
announced…’, Julia Gillard, Facebook, 13 January, viewed
20 January 2011,
<http://www.facebook.com/juliagillard/posts/101538903255112>.
Social Media (Twitter, Facebook etc.)
Before using a reference from Twitter or
Facebook make sure it is appropriate for
academic work.
If no proper name is given, use the
username.
As tweets and status updates do not have
titles, use the first few words of the
message as a title.
Direct quote
The BP Parody account created on Twitter, notes
“[c]atastrophe is a strong word, let’s all agree to call it a
whoopsie daisy”. (BP Public Relations 2010).
Paraphrasing
The Office of The Prime Minister (2010), updated their Julia
Gillard Facebook page on 13 Jan, with…
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Webpage
If there is no author or organisation name
begin the reference with the title of the
webpage.
Direct quote
“The risk threshold for entry to the Gateway Review Process is
high risk” (Department of Finance and Deregulation 2010).
Paraphrasing
According to the Department of Finance and Deregulation, the
Gateway process… (2010).
The Gateway Review Process 2010, Department of Finance and
Deregulation, viewed 10 December 2010,
<http://www.finance.gov.au/gateway/index.html>.
Online video
Direct quote
“Googling is great and everybody does it but not for university
assignments” (LTULibrary 2010).
Paraphrasing
This video shows why you shouldn’t just use Google when
researching for university assignments (LTULibrary 2010).
The CSIRO YouTube video (2009) reveals …
LTULibrary 2010, Why can’t I just google?, online video, 9
February, La Trobe University, viewed 20 January 2011,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp-ZGFd5o5A>.
CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation) 2009, Making a difference, online video, 25
May, CSIRO, Viewed December 9, 2010,
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_1mip1iS70>.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
OTHER SOURCES
Conference Papers
Published
If the conference paper is available online
add the viewed date and URL after the
place of publication.
The title of the conference is put in italics.
Unpublished
If the paper is not published the title of the
conference is not in Italics.
Use the phrase paper presented at after
the title of the paper and before the title of
the conference.
Put the dates of the conference (range of
days and month) after the place.
Direct quote
‘To engage productively with assessment tasks…’ (Kift &
Moody 2009).
Paraphrasing
Kift and Moody (2009) observe that first year students require
an induction to academic conventions to engage with
assessment.
Direct quote
“Students are more likely to persist and graduate in settings
that hold…” (Tinto 2009).
Paraphrasing
Tinto (2009) identifies his four main conditions for student
retention as…
Kift, S M, & Moody, KE 2009, ‘Harnessing assessment and
feedback in the first year to support learning success,
engagement and retention’, in ATN Assessment Conference
2009 Proceedings, RMIT University, Melbourne, 19 – 20
November, viewed 8 November 2010,
<http://emedia.rmit.edu.au/conferences/index.php/ATNAC/ATNA
C09/paper/viewFile/96/15>.
Tinto, V 2009, ‘Taking the student retention seriously: rethinking
the first year at university’, paper presented at the FYE
Curriculum Design Symposium, Queensland University of
Technology, 5-6 February, viewed 12 December 2010,
<http://www.fyecd2009.qut.edu.au/resources/SPE_VincentTinto_
5Feb09.pdf>
Format In-Text Reference
Reference List
Wallace, P 2010, ‘Gender & sexuality’ PowerPoint slides,
SOC1SAC, La Trobe University, viewed 19 January 2011.
Lee, H 2010, ‘Charting Kinship’, lecture, ANT2KAM, La Trobe
University, delivered 5 August.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat.
no. 3307.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra.
Course material
State the type of course material after the
title of the lecture.
You can use the subject code or the
subject name.
Course material is unpublished so the title
is enclosed in single quotes not italics.
Direct quote
“Socialisation into roles is a major impetus behind inequality”
(Wallace 2010).
Paraphrasing
It was pointed out in the week 2 lecture that kinship… (Lee
2010)
Figure / Graph / Table
Any reproduced table, figure or graph
must reference the original author and
copyright holder.
In the reference list, reference the source
where the graph or table is located.
The graph Divorces granted: Australia 1988 – 2007 (ABS
2008) illustrates…
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Film & Video
The in-text references to films DVDs,
videos, television, and radio programs
should contain the title (in italics) and date
of production.
The key elements of a film or audiovisual
reference are:
* Title (in italics)
* Year of publication or release
* Format (use motion picture for films; use
video recording, CD-ROM, DVD, audio
cassette, slide, or microform etc. for other
audiovisual material)
* Distributor (for films) or publisher
* Place of recording or publication (for
audiovisual material)
Although you are likely to view most
feature films (i.e. movies) as DVDs, you
should still reference feature films with the
format ‘motion picture’ rather than ‘DVD’.
Any special credits and other information
that may be useful can be noted after the
citation e.g. Revolutionary road 2009,
DVD, Paramount Home Entertainment
Australia, Abbotsford Vic., starring
Leonardo Di Caprio and Kate Winslet.
Television
Place the Title in italics, and date of
…….as portrayed in About Jenny Holzer (2011)
The scene, towards the end of the film, depicts… (Alien
Underworld 2002)
Woody Allen in Annie Hall (1977) demonstrates the art of…
A recent Four Corners episode highlighted the difficulties of
About Jenny Holzer 2011, DVD, Microcinema International, San
Francisco, California.
Alien Underworld 2002, video recording, Tattooed Media and the
Australian Film Finance Corporation, Australia, written &
directed by Sonya Pemberton.
Annie Hall 1977, motion picture, MGM Home Entertainment,
Santa Monica CA, directed by Woody Allen.
Format In-Text Reference
Reference List
Breaking Point, Four Corners 2010, television program,
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia, February 5.
7.30 Report 2015, television program, Australian Broadcasting
Corporation, Australia, 18 November.
What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television
program, Special Broadcasting Service, Australia, 8 August
recording in the in-text citation.
If the program is part of a series put the
episode title first followed by the series
title both in italics.
Add the broadcast date after the
publication details.
caring for disabled family members (Breaking Point 2010).
When interviewed on 7.30 Report (2015) the Treasurer said …
It could be argued that the financial situation at the time
necessitated…. (What are we going to do with the money?
1997)
Images & Artwork Jorgensen, L 2010, Lighthouse Freezes, image, ABC News,
viewed 17 December 2010,
<http://www.abc.net.au/news/photos/2010/12/17/3095885.htm>.
Kamuro (2008) Calmness, image, Flickr viewed 30 June 2010,
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/kamuro/2624443012/in/poolysplix>.
Sculpture by the sea – Elephant 2009, image, photographed by A.
Wain, Flickr, viewed 4 February 2014,
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/alexwain/4091011517/>.
Online
When reproducing/including an image in
your work, place the in-text reference
immediately under the image.
For the format description: use ‘Image’ for
photographs or graphics.
Where the image is a photograph of an
artwork, and the photographer has been
specifically credited, note this after the title
In the image above (Jorgensen 2010) you can see…
Kamuro (2008) illustrates …
(Sculpture by the sea – Elephant 2009)
(Van Gogh 1890)
Format In-Text Reference
Reference List
Van Gogh, V. 1890, Undergrowth with two figures, Google
Cultural Institute, viewed 4 March 2014,
<http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/asset-viewer/
undergrowth-with-twofigures/PgGaehoXTiERQQ?projectId=art- project>.
Gaunt, W. 1970, The impressionists, Thames & Hudson, London.
Where the photographer or artist is not
known, start your reference with the Title
of Image.
Where none of the usual details are
known, i.e. artist/photographer, date, title
of image, start with [Subject of the image].
In-Print
If you are citing an image from a printed
source, reference the printed source as
normal and use a page number in your intext citation to indicate which page the
image comes from.
(Gaunt 1970, p. 17)
Leaflet / Pamphlet
Use the authorising body/publisher as the
author OR use the title of the
pamphlet/leaflet if there is no author.
Use the title of the pamphlet in-text if there
is no author.
Use n.d. for no date.
Use c. if you can approximately date the
document e.g. c. 1985.
Use the word “pamphlet” after the title.
Direct quote
“…” (New State for North Queensland Movement n.d.)
Paraphrasing
In the leaflet distributed by the New State for North
Queensland Movement (n.d.) it is evident that…
New State for North Queensland Movement n.d., A New state
for North Queensland : why ? how ? when?, pamphlet, New
State for North Queensland Movement, Townsville.
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Google Earth 6.0 2008, Hylands House and estates 51°
42’39.17″N, 0°26’11.30″W, elevation 60M, 3D Buildings
‘
data layer, viewed 31 August 2011
<http://www.google.com/earth/index.html>
Eales, S (ed.) 2003, The Jacaranda atlas, 3rd edn, John Wiley &
Sons, Brisbane.
The Jacaranda atlas 2003, 3rd edn, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
Ordnance Survey 2006, Chester and North Wales, Landranger
series, Sheet 106, 1:50000, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.
To reference an Online media release:
Bailieu, T (Premier, Minister for the Arts) 2010, Coalition delivers
for small business with clearways changes, media release, 9
December, Premier of Victoria, viewed 15 December 2010,
<http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/html/091210_001.html>.
To reference a Paper media release:
W BHP media release, 1
Maps
Online
In-Print
Atlas (with editor)
Atlas (without editor)
Printed map
(Google Earth, 2008)
…..the position of the new city is to be north of Melbourne (ed.
Eales 2003, Map 36).
…the position of the new city is to be north of Melbourne (The
Jacaranda Atlas 2003, Map 36).
Motorways are indicated (Ordnance Survey, 2006)…
Media Release
The description, ‘media release’, is
inserted after the title of the media
release.
Direct quote
In a statement released to the media, “Labor’s laws were
driving small businesses to the wall,” Mr Baillieu said (2010).
Paraphrasing
Clearway changes were outlined in a release to the media
(Baillieu, 2010).
Format In-Text Reference Reference List
Personal communication
Personal communications includes letters,
emails, interviews etc.
Email addresses should never be cited
without the permission of the owner of the
address.
Put all the details of the email letter etc. intext: Author (communicator) Year, format
description, day month
Plays and Poetry
This was confirmed by email (Brown 2012, pers. comm., 3
July).
or
Professor Shickle (2008 pers. comm., 8 July) verified in an
interview that…
References to plays and poetry are often more precise if given
in terms of acts, scenes, lines, verses, and so on. The
following forms are recommended:
William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act 3, scene 2, line
74.
or
Judith Wright, Woman to child, verse 1, lines 3-5.
Note: Personal communications can take a number of forms and
are not normally available for consultation except under special
circumstances. For this reason they are not usually included in
the reference list. If a full citation is required, reference in the
following way:
Brown, B 2012, email, 3 July.
Shickle, S 2008, interview, 24 November.
Details of sources of this kind are not usually included in a
reference list or bibliography.
Format In-Text Reference
Reference List
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Education and work, Australia,
May 2009, cat. no. 6227.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 24
November 2009,<http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/
mf/6227.0?OpenDoc u ment>.
Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010, Euromonitor Global
Market Information Database, viewed 20 March 2010,
<http://0-www.portal.euromonitor.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/
Portal/Results List.aspx>.
Fiorentini, M 2016, ‘Hybrid model predictive control of residential
heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems with onenergy generation and storage ‘, PhD thesis, University of
Wollongong.
Statistics
If using statistics from a database, the title
of the database is in italics. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009)
For subsequent use, you can abbreviate (ABS 2009)
Net sales in Australia for the year ending 2009 were
$4,404,000.00 (Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010)
Thesis
Technically a thesis is not a published
work, so the title is not placed in italics
Under Award you might also put Masters
thesis or Honours thesis
Only put the location if it is not obvious
from the name of the institution eg La
Trobe University, Bundoora. University of
Wollongong would be enough on its own
Direct quote
A model predictive control strategy was developed to optimise
the selection of the optimal sequence of operating modes
(Fiorentini 2016, p. 218)
Paraphrasing
Fiorentini (2016, p. 218) developed a model predictive control
strategy…